Brutus A Tragically Misunderstood Hero Essay - 1219 Words

In William Shakespeares classic tragedy â€Å"Julius Caesar† the characters are all positioned on a path that leads them to a terrible and disastrous end. Some destroy themselves for the greater good of Rome or just because of their own selfish greed for power. Some characters proceed to destroy others in hopes of protecting the greater good, but lose those closest to them. Cassius leads a dark conspiracy and kills Julius Caesar, but later kills himself. Marc Antony and Octavius track down and kill the assassins that killed Caesar, but lose those they care about most along the way. A true hero will rise to adversity and meet a situation head on to conquer the problem or his foes; however, a tragic hero may do just the opposite. A tragic†¦show more content†¦However, Cassius proceeds, realizing Brutus’ underlying conflict is fear for Caesar as a king. Cassius presents a grand speech to Brutus, manipulating him with faulty reasoning. Several times he tries to use examples that will make Caesar look unscrupulous. At one point he says, â€Å"He had a fever when he was in Spain, and when the fit was on him, I did mark how he did shake. ‘Tis true, this god did shake† (893). Cassius jealousy is so blinding that he is unable to realize his reasons are pointless; however, Brutus is also unable to see through Cassius’ reasoning. Instead of realizing that Caesar is human and a fever is a common ailment of all humans, he is overthrown by Cassius’ manipulative words. Brutus claims to put his honor first when he says, â€Å"For let the gods so speed me as I love the name of honor more than I fear death† (892). However, Brutus’ actions do not agree with his words. He allows himself to be easily manipulated into not only bringing down Caesar, but eventually himself. As Brutus makes more and more dreadful decisions, he suffers a greater downfall. Each decision leads to a greater consequence, which will eve ntually bring Brutus down altogether. Brutus’ first bad decision is joining the conspiracy. The conspirators against Caesar are able to manipulate Brutus’ doubtful thoughts and have him step forward as a leader. Brutus’ speaks for the group many times. On one occasion

Literary Analysis The Rainy Day by Henry Wadsworth...

Literary Analysis: The Rainy Day by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Siddiqui Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s â€Å"Rainy Day† uses the themes of lost and renewed hope, youth and grief to show how much our past and future experiences affect our lives and how though we face multiple struggles in life we can overcome them. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born February 28th, 1807 and died March 24th, 1882. He was inspired to write poetry from Romanticism. Not only did he accomplish writing many pieces of poetry he was also a novelist. He wrote â€Å"The Rainy Day† in 1841 and wrote it in memory of his wife who had passed away in front of his eyes. Longfellow’s poems are mostly long but this was one of his few short poems. â€Å"The Rainy Day† was popular for†¦show more content†¦Others also agree with this thought for example, â€Å"So, instead of lamenting about it the whole life, one must learn to overcome his distress and proceed with his life.† (Poems). This quote also agrees with the idea of renewed hope becau se as stated we must overcome our challenges which we do through having a sense of renewed hope. This agrees with the conclusive fact that we all face challenges in life that we must overcome and are given the strength to overcome through hope. There is always a time in our life when we realize that those days are gone. The days to go out and play, those days of innocence and happiness, those days when we were shielded from the real world. As we grow older and wiser and gain more experiences we come to face the fact that not everything is rainbows and sunshine. We begin to see that life is but a mere road with an excessive amount of bumps that we trip over. Some bumps may be larger than others but in the end we must all get up and move on and in these times the memories of our lost youth are painful to bear, yet at the same time the memories are sometimes hard to let go of. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow displays this idea through his poem â€Å"The Rainy Day† trying to express the ghosts of his past. â€Å"My thoughts still cling to the mouldering Past, / But the hopes of youth fall thick in the blast,† (8-9). Through these lines

On HSBC Report Operating Worldwide

Question: Describe HSBC Report on Operating Worldwide. Answer: Introduction HSBC Bank Australia Limited is a part of HSBC Group operating worldwide. The bank offers complete banking facilities and is one of the leading banks in Australia. It started its operations in the year 1965 in Australia. It has been listed on the exchanges of Hong Kong, London, New York, Paris and Bermuda (HSBC in Australia, 2016). Target Market The target market is the target group of customers to whom company wants to sell its products or service. To develop a plan for marketing, it is imperial for a company to identify its target market (Pinson, 1996). Market Segmentation After analyzing the needs and demands of the customer, selecting the customer who would want the product and segregating them from the rest is called segmentation. Strategies should be planned according to the clientele that fall in the segment that the company wants to cater. The market is segmented on several bases, on variables like age, gender, income, family size, race, religion, nationality then it is called as demographic segmentation. Behavioral segmentation is when behavior, usage, and buying pattern were being considered. When it has been based on the boundaries and geography, it is termed as geographic segmentation. When lifestyle, activities, and interest determine the purchase decision, then it is referred to as psychographic segmentation (Larsen, 2010) Targeting and positioning Selecting the target customers of the segment are called targeting. Making the targeted customers own the brand that company produces is called positioning. The label should leave an impact in the minds of the consumer; it should have a sustainable portion in the mind frame of the consumer. The loyalty of the customer with the brand is because of the positioning strategies were undertaken to place the product in the minds of the consumer, which compels them to repeatedly buy the particular brand (Tanner and Raymond, 2012) Target Market, Segment, and Positioning for HSBC The bank divides its various services into broad segments of the market and follows segment marketing.For Credit Cards The bank follows Demographic and Geographic Segmentation. While offering its credit card services to the consumers, the bank divides its market on credibility basis. Customers were identified on different geographical grounds like, urban, sub-urban and rural. The next segmentation done is by income, occupation, and purchasing power. The primary targets for this type of product are customers located in urban and sub-urban areas because of the rapid development and economic growth there is the rise in spending capacity, which in turn will lead to higher demand for the product if it was targeted to the right audience. The market can further be segmented on buyers behavior, knowledge and acceptance towards the product. The positioning strategy that the bank has undertaken is to target the clients and offer a variety as per the needs of varied customers. The bank offers f our different types of credit cards, Premier World, Platinum Qantas, HSBC credit card and Platinum credit card. Along with this, the APR charged, and the annual fee is kept low as compared to the other banks. To create an impact in the minds of the consumer the bank also offers Travel accident insurance and identity theft resolution services along with the card as additional benefits. There are rewards for transactions made in foreign and they are not charged any fee. The bank has positioned itself as a leading bank that offers variety of cards to its customer with the ease of service (Compare Credit Cards, 2016 For Savings Account The bank offers two types of savings account; one is flexi savers account, and the other is a savings account. It follows Demographic and Geographic segmentation. To increase this service, the bank will address the customers of rural and sub-urban areas. Customers who are from rural areas with the demographics of low income and savings are the target customers for a savings account and the clients who are flexible with their savings, as mostly seen in sub-urban areas they are the target customers for flexi saver account which offers monthly bonus interest. The bank has positioned itself to cater to pair needs and goals of savings (Bank Accounts, 2016). For Investment Products The bank follows demographic and psychographic segmentation. The clients who have high net worth and have the tendency to put in money to yield more money while taking minimal risk are the target customers. The behavioral attributes like lifestyle, activities, and risk taking abilities are the major factors that influence these kinds of customers. Bank positioned itself as a leader by offering structured investments strategies, online share trading platform and most importantly future retirement and financial planning options to its customers (Investments, 2016). HSBC has created a unique brand name globally regarding positioning itself. It has been able to create a distinct image and occupy the minds of the target market. It has been able to compete and excel regarding service quality with other international financial institutions and was known as a truly global bank with international banking network. Position Mapping HSBC has an edge when it comes to its competitors; it offers better service reagrading safety and reliability at a low price. It has products and services according to the need of its customers, and that gives it the competitive advantage and hence HSBC has overcome its industry rivals in gaining the trust and loyalty of its customers. The mapping could be done for features along with price, Safety, and reliability along with price and Service quality along with the price. 5 being the highest scale in features and 1 being the lowest, 5 being the highest price and 1 being the lowest. The company would get (4, 4) in this aspect. 5 being the highest scale in safety and reliability and 1 being the lowest, 5 being the highest price and 1 being the lowest. The company would get (5, 4.5) in this aspect. 5 being the highest scale in service and 1 being the lowest, 5 being the highest price and 1 being the lowest. The company would get (5, 5) in this aspect. Micro and Macro Factors Affecting HSBC There are many factors that affect the business environment. The marketing environment is majorly influenced by these two factors: Micro and Macro. Macro factors comprise of Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and demographical factors that influence the business. Micro Factors includes the people, competition, customers, suppliers, and other internal strategies and policies affecting the company (Groucutt, Leadley, and Forsyth, 2004). Macro environment of HSBC Factors that affect HSBC largely are economic factors, since banking industry is largely affected by economic policies and economic activities of the region. In times of economic slowdown the bank might be in a tight squeeze, because banks usually lend money for long and borrow money on short. That means, a depositor has to be repaid on demand immediately and the person who has availed loan, i.e., the creditor might not be able to repay in an economic slowdown. Another factor affecting banking industry is Political issues; if a nation faces political insatiability, then the policies would be affected. Technological advancements affect the development of the banking industry. But HSBC is technologically equipped, and their basic drivers are high productivity and customer orientation. They excel in using technological platforms to enhance their customer service. Micro environment of HSBC Shareholders- Shareholders will always get preference. The government, local public, internal people, and all the people related to the organization in one or another influence the policy of the company towards them. Suppliers- Bank always maintains its link strongly with its suppliers they are the most important aspect, in the case of HSBC, government bodies and regulatory acts as suppliers. Customers- HSBC targets Retail consumers, Business Consumers, International and Government consumers and reseller market. HSBC believes in maintaining a healthy relationship with its consumer base with the aim of long-term profitability. Market Intermediaries and Competitors- companies who help the bank in performing extra services to connect with its clients play an important role in the growth of the organization. Competition always makes a good business environment. HSBC faces competition in the local as well as international market as there are large key players in the banking industry competing with HSBC. SWOT Analysis of HSBC Analyzing the Strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the organization will help the company in structured planning. These elements will help the organization to identify the internal and external factors that are in favor or against the growth of the company. Identifying traits or characteristics of the company that gives it a competitive edge over its competitors is categorized as strength. The trait that gives it a disadvantage over others was categorized as weakness. Opportunities that the business could exploit to its benefit were termed as opportunities and threats are the elements that could pose potential trouble for the business (Fine, 2009). The cost advantages from the know-how of experts and immense value of patent and trademark. Influential brand name and accessible distribution network are some of the strengths of the company. High-cost structure is the main weakness of the company. Elimination of trade barriers and untapped market needs by coming up with technological innovations are some areas of opportunities that a bank can explore. Prominent threat that the bank faces is consumer shifting to another brand and strict regulations or growing trade barriers. PEST Analysis of HSBC Political factors at all level, global and local are analyzed because they play a major role in formulating the policies. Economic factors at a national, regional and global level were monitored. Economic performance of the market is the key input required to plan the strategy for development. Social factors analysis of the market is done by of demographics and culture so as to tap the unfulfilled needs. Technological factors enable the business to address the issues and leave an impact in the minds of the consumers. Technology is one factor that drives the growth of the modern business. HSBC always tries to adopt the modern technology. Analysis of Consumer perception and behavior Consumer perception refers to the process through which a customer makes a decision whether to get associated with the brand or not. The perception shows his awareness towards the brand and his acceptance towards it. There are three stages of consumer perception: exposure, attention, and interpretation (Martinez, 2012). The product offered by HSBC is one time buy, and it is more of a long term association. When the consumer is buying something that will have an impact for a long time, then the buying behavior becomes more complex. The bank has a strategy to deal with different consumers, i.e., by offering different products in the same category. The customers who are more conscious of the class and society and have high net worth would tend to look for high end product and services offered by the bank, whereas customers who are in middle or low-income group would look for the bank that gives them high returns on investments and accounts and assures them about principal amount Security. The pricing strategy of HSBC has been successful even though the annual fee was levied and the interest rate is high due to high demand. On the other hand, the Bank might not be able to attract the customers who are cost-conscious and whose only interest is in the facility of credit. Many customers tend to relate the quality and brand name with the price. Such consumers would have a positive impact in their minds about HSBC. The global presence of the bank ensures communicated delivery channels and faster services. The customers are benefited effectively by this worldwide presence of the bank; it provides ease in services, and this would not give them an opportunity to look for substitutes. The bank engages in direct marketing and has effective communication with its customers; this, in turn develops loyalty towards the brand. Another strategy adopted by the bank is to associate itself with big brands, which in return provides benefits to the customers while using HSBC products. The global presence, faster service and low cost along with association with big brands and in return customer benefits develops a positive image in the minds of the consumer. Marketing Mix It refers to the set of strategies undertaken by the company to promote itself in the market. It is made up of 4 Ps which includes Price, Promotion, Product and Place (Richter, 2012). Marketing strategies formulated by HSBC are such that they influence its customers in a positive manner. They were aimed at adding value to the brand along with creating awareness and delivering value to its clients. These strategies influence perspective as well as existing customers to associate with the bank for a long term. 4 Ps Price- It simply means that what is the value of the product. The price of the product is dependent on production cost, supply and demand and various other indirect and direct factors. Each business follows different pricing strategies (Hoffmann, 2008). Product- It refers to the item that the company intends on selling. The product must deliver some performance and should be able to compete in the market. It should have some standards and deliver some value (Gummesson, 2012) Promotion All the activities undertaken by the company on selling the product in the market were included in the promotion. In this the company can include all sources of promotional activities, whether direct or indirect, print media, word of mouth, press reports, and paid advertisements. (Barker and Angelopulo, 2005) Place- It refers where the sale were made. The main aim of this mix is to make the purchase of the product easy for the consumer. If the location of the product is not right, no matter what the price is or promotional activities are the product would still not be preferred by the consumers. The location is an important factor while choosing the business setup. (Smith and Taylor, 2004) Marketing Mix Developed by HSBC Marketing mix for credit cards Product- the Bank offers a variety of credit cards. It is to cater to the needs and wants of different customers. The four types of credit cards offered by the bank deliver value to its clients. Place- the international presence of the bank makes it easy for the clients to avail this facility anywhere. The ease of buying this product is what makes it attractive to the consumers. Price- Though the credit cards offered by the banks were charged at a little higher price than the market, but this also assures the clients of the quality of the product and service that they are bound to get. Promotion- HSBC focuses on establishing communication with its clients. They undertake direct and indirect promotional ways of promoting their product. They have formed an association with brands and in turn, their clients are benefited with this association. Bank has also created a positive image ensuring continuous customer support. Marketing mix for Savings Accounts Price- The price of this product offered by the bank is comparatively moderate when it comes to its competitors. It is a product that is worth its price. Product- The bank offers two types of savings account to its clients. There is variety in the product as per the needs and wants of the client segmentation. This product delivers value to its client. Promotion The bank focuses on promoting this product by giving a higher rate of return and associating reward points with it. Place- ease of making the transactions is a highlight for the bank. Marketing mix for Investment Products Price- The price of this product offered by the bank is comparatively high when it comes to its competitors. It is a product that is worth its price because it offers the security of the principal amount along with giving maximum returns on the investment. Product- The bank offers various types of investment products to its clients. There is variety in the product as per the needs and wants of the client segmentation. This product delivers value to its client by their requirements. Promotion The bank focuses on promoting this product by giving a higher rate of return and assuring the client about the safety and reliability. Place- ease of making the transactions anywhere in the world is a highlight for this product. Technological platforms to avail this facility are also an advantage to the bank. Recommendations and Conclusion HSBC is a key player in the banking industry. It offers a variety of product and services to its clients. The bank has performed well in the market regarding giving returns and dividends, and also securing capital regarding economic slowdown. The business strategies adopted by HSBC has garnered a lot of appreciation. Their policies towards stakeholders, clients and employees have been praised. But due to increasing competition in the market, HSBC should consider revising the rates of its certain products so as to capture untapped market and clients that have opted for substitutes. Actively and strategically analyzing the pricing is essential. Diverse values need to be added to the companys strategies to strengthen its position in the market. Establishing Crisis management service should be one step that the bank should take in the coming years. Monitoring portfolios on a mark-to-model basis are required. The bank offers excellent service when it comes to bank accounts or credit card facilities, but it should also widen its horizon in investment, pruning, portfolio management and advisory. The company has its views on its brand equity and has a competitive edge in the market. But this could be easily affected by large key players. There is a lot of unmet demand in the market, and to survive and sustain, a key player might change their strategies, HSBC has to think a step ahead when it comes to this. Reviewing operational capability is foremost. They need to be technologically advanced and creative along with being efficient and flexible. It is the time they took aggressive steps to capture the untapped market demand and plan a response for competitors new product introduction. Modification in the strategies as per economic conditions is the most important aspect of the banking industry; HSBC should not lack behind in it. Reviewing the systems and policies is mandatory for growth. Reporting the limitations of the framework is essential if the HSBC has to truly be come a global bank. References Barker, R. and Angelopulo, G. (2005)Integrated Organisational Communication. [Online] South Africa: Juta and Company Ltd. Available at: URL https://books.google.co.in/books?id=D7rkS-Q-mYUCpg=PA138dq=4+p%27s+of+marketinghl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwj1p-GY1Y7PAhVE3mMKHUXjA8UQ6AEIRjAI#v=onepageq=4%20p's%20of%20marketingf=false. Accessed on 14 September 2016 Fine, L. (2009) The SWOT Analysis: Using Your Strength to Overcome Weaknesses, Using Opportunities to Overcome Threats. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Groucutt, J., Leadley, P. and Forsyth, P. (2004) Marketing: Essential Principles, New Realities. [Online]. UK: Kogan Page Publishers. Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cd6Sjxu2lesCpg=PA27dq=micro+and+macro+factorshl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwiz8NWYso7PAhVVImMKHbzAAfAQ6AEIJDAA#v=onepageq=micro%20and%20macro%20factorsf=false. Accessed on 14 September 2016. Gummesson, E. (2012) Total Relationship Marketing. [Online] UK: Routledge. Available at: URL https://books.google.co.in/books?id=g0gsBgAAQBAJpg=PA312dq=4+p%27s+of+marketinghl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwj1p-GY1Y7PAhVE3mMKHUXjA8UQ6AEIMTAE#v=onepageq=4%20p's%20of%20marketingf=false Accessed on 14 September 2016. Hoffmann, S. (2008) Are the 4 P's of International Marketing of Equal Importance to All Firms? What Factors Might Cause Some to More Or Less Important Than Others?[Online] Grin Verlag. Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oXKetnyMWtICprintsec=frontcoverdq=4+p%27s+of+marketinghl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwj1p-GY1Y7PAhVE3mMKHUXjA8UQ6AEIKzAD#v=onepageq=4%20p's%20of%20marketingf=false. Accessed on 14 September 2016. Larsen, N. (2010) Market Segmentation - A framework for determining the right target customers. Denmark, pp.7-10. Available at: https://pure.au.dk/portal/files/11462/BA.pdf. Accessed 14 September 2016. Martinez, P. (2012) The Consumer Mind: Brand Perception and the Implications for Marketers [Online] UK: Kogan Page Publishers. Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OZAszsjRnYoCprintsec=frontcoverdq=consumer+perceptionhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwiDo4_yzo7PAhVC62MKHUdtC- oQ6AEIHzAB#v=onepageq=consumer%20perceptionf=false. Accessed on 14 September 2016 Pinson, L. (1996) Target Marketing: Researching, Reaching, and Retaining Your Target Market [Online]. US: Upstart Publishing Company. Available at URL https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9-btAAAAMAAJq=target+market+booksdq=target+market+bookshl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjrpqeQ5Y7PAhVS1GMKHQGYA4gQ6AEIKDAC Accessed on 14 September 2016. Richter, T. (2012) International Marketing Mix Management: Theoretical Framework, Contingency Factors and Empirical Findings from World-Markets [Online]. Germany: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4-ccqS94VKwCprintsec=frontcoverdq=marketing+mixhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjf4qDy047PAhVFxGMKHXxNAFoQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepageq=marketing%20mixf=false Accessed on 14 September 2016. Smith, P. and Taylor, J. (2004) Marketing Communications: An Integrated Approach. [Online]. UK: Kogan Page Publishers. Available at : https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rmKoO0U30x8Cpg=PA7dq=4+p%27s+of+marketinghl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwj1p-GY1Y7PAhVE3mMKHUXjA8UQ6AEITTAJ#v=onepageq=4%20p's%20of%20marketingf=false. Accessed on 14 September 2016. Tanner, J., and Raymond, M. (2012). Principles of Marketing. 2nd ed. (Online). US: Flat World Knowledge, Inc. pp.105-110. Available at: https://www.oxfordfajar.com.my/files/HE/sample_pages/201307031923242420_ORS-PRINCIPLES-OF-MARKETING-2E-2012.pdf [Accessed 07 Sep. 2016]. www.hsbc.com.au , (2016). Bank Accounts. [Online] Available at: URL https://www.hsbc.com.au/1/2/personal/savings. Accessed on 14 September 2016. www.hsbc.com.au , (2016). Compare Credit cards. [Online] Available at: URL https://www.hsbc.com.au/1/2/personal/credit-cards/compare. Accessed on 14 September 2016. www.hsbc.com.au , (2016). HSBC in Australia. [Online] Available at: URL https://www.about.hsbc.com.au/hsbc-in-australia Accessed on 14 September 2016. www.hsbc.com.au , (2016). Investments. [Online] Available at: URL https://www.hsbc2.com.au/1/2/personal/investments. Accessed on 14 September 2016.

Non-Verbal Flirtation Essay Sample free essay sample

80 % of all communicating is non-verbal. Work force and adult females demonstrate their involvement in members of the opposite sex in many different ways. nevertheless – many of the first marks of attractive force are non-verbal. How do we chat up nonverbally? Are at that place differences in the ways that males and females nonverbally show involvement in a possible romantic spouse? This paper will offer a reappraisal of the academic literature on this subject. explicitly researching the extent of non-verbal flirting and besides concentrating on the differences between sexes. How do the ways that work forces and adult females flirt nonverbally differentiate? Research has clearly established that most communicating is non-verbal. The research done by Henningsen. Braz and Davies discusses why we flirt. and the six motives behind flirtation ( 2008 ) . These motives are sexual. relational. researching. regard. instrumental and merriment. It is of import to first understand why worlds flirt before one can understand the differences between verbal and non-verbal flirtation and furthermore. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-Verbal Flirtation Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the differences between the ways that males and females flirt. La France. Henningsen. Oates and Shaw found that research suggest that work forces decode verbal and gestural communicating cues otherwise than make adult females. and this difference consequences in men’s inclination to rate persons more extremely in degrees of these social-sexual concepts than do adult females ( 2009 ) . They besides found differences in the sexes in perceptual experiences of flirtatiousness. seductiveness. and promiscuity. Henningsen found that sex differences emerge for sex and geographic expedition motives. with work forces describing greater degrees of each than adult females ( 2008 ) . Men tend to see women’s behaviours as more sexual than do adult females in cross-sex interactions ( e. g. . Abbey. 1982 ) . This difference may ensue because work forces view specific behaviours as sexually motivated. whereas adult females attribute a different motive to the behaviours. It is proposed that people flirt for a assortment of different grounds including the desire to increase sexual interaction. Six chat uping motives derived from the literature are considered in this survey: sex. merriment. researching. relational. regard. and instrumental. The motives attributed to chat uping behaviours by work forces and adult females in typical flirtation interactions are explored. Gender differences emerge for several flirting motives ( i. e. . sex. relational. and merriment ) . Men tend to see chat uping as more sexual than adult females do. and adult females attribute more relational and fun motives to chat uping interactions than do work forces. This research is of import to understand within the Communication subject because so much of our communicating is non-verbal. When relationships are frequentl y initiated because of non-verbal communicating. we can non do sense of the remainder of the relationship unless we understand the first interactions. Much research has been done on the difference between the different ways the sexes communicate their sexual attractive force for one another. Research has shown work forces perceive more sexual involvement from female marks than do adult females in cross-sex interactions ( e. g. . Abbey. 1982 ) . A survey using a 2 ( sex of participants ) x 2 ( chat uping cue: verbal or nonverbal ) ANOVA design was employed to prove whether cue use influenced sex differences in perceptual experiences of sexual involvement. The consequences of this survey indicated sex of participant and cue use interact to foretell perceptual experiences of sexual involvement. Consequences are discussed with respect to sex differences in cue penchants and cue explicitness. La France. Henningsen. Oates and Shaw preformed a survey to measure the grade to which work forces and adult females make differential judgements of flirtatiousness. seductiveness. and promiscuousness during cross-sex interactions. Findingss from their research suggested that work forces decode verbal and gestural communicating cues otherwise than make adult females. and this difference consequences in men’s inclination to rate persons more extremely in degrees of these social-sexual concepts than do adult females ( 2009 ) . This survey depicts the consequences of three meta-analyses that provided estimations of the magnitude of the sex differences in perceptual experiences of flirtatiousness. seductiveness. and promiscuity and argues that these consequences are consistent with error direction theory ( 2009 ) . Sexual activity of mark and manner of observation interacted to impact ascertained sex differences. Sexual activity differences were strongest for female marks when research participants were perceivers of face-to-face interactions ( mean r= . 32 ) . whereas sex differences in ratings of flirtatiousness. seductiveness. and promiscuity were strongest for participants who were evaluation male marks in face-to-face interactions ( mean r= . 36 ) . Jeffery Hall. Michael Cody. Grace Jackson and Jacqueline Flesh studied how adult females approach relationship induction schemes that work forces put in to action. In the first survey. the adult females identified the different schemes that work forces use. and there were over 500 that were found ; some including association and explicitness. but non laterality. and predicted flirtatiousness. In Study 2. 361 females participated in a 2 ten 4 experiment that explored the effects of physical attraction and four attack communicating schemes on evaluations of association ( Abrahams. 1994 ) . Attractive work forces were more successful overall and a wider scope of verbal schemes were rated as successful. compared to less attractive males. Fewer effectual statements were available to less attractive males. Research has been done that concludes that adult females face a alone force per unit area to fulfill communal ends and are held to a different criterion of â€Å"niceness† which can be seen in the manner that they non verbally communicate with males in chat uping. Berger. Sackman. Olide and Dennehy preformed a survey that examined adult females chat uping under this stereotype. In this survey. adult females under â€Å"threat† exhibited increased gestural flirtation-consistent behaviours. likely bespeaking a struggle between idealized and existent behaviours. To accomplish likeability ( and perchance to avoid gender recoil ) . the social norm is that adult females are encouraged to use non-sexually motivated flirting behaviours. This outlook is at the same time â€Å"in the air† ( Chan-Serafin. Bradley. Brief. A ; Watkins. 2005 ) and broadcasted in the media. such as in a recent Forbes. com article. which urged adult females to â€Å"flirt their manner to the t op† ( Goudreau. 2010 ) . Furthermore. work forces perceived adult females under menace as signaling increased sexual purpose. In a survey at a college university. adult females were besides asked to deduce how work forces would construe women’s dating behaviours. Womans were predicted to do illations less probatory of sexual consent than the work forces. They made illations more probatory than men’s readings. The consequences supported the thought that the differences were due about wholly to male/female differences-not personality differences. There was besides some grounds that those who were non sexually active tended to judge many behaviours rather otherwise than those who were. One illustration of this was denying any connexion between their behaviour and sexual consent. The chief thought to be gathered from this survey was that the differences in the ways that males and females flirt not verbally has do with the single male and female and non so much to make with the differences in the genders. This survey. preformed by Brandi Frisby. Megan Dillow. Shelbie Gaughan and John examined by experimentation induced coquettish interactions ( 2011 ) . 252 United States undergraduates from the Middle atlantic part viewed a coquettish interaction and rated a Confederate on physical and societal attractive force. association. laterality. and colloquial effectivity. It was thought that different flirtation motives would take to different ratings of the flirters. and perceptual experiences of flirters would change based on gender. Consequences revealed that work forces were evaluated as more dominant than adult females when chat uping. but surprisingly. laterality in work forces was non perceived as attractive or colloquially effectual. In add-on. men’s attractive force to adult females increased significantly when adult females flirted for sexual motivations. and women’s attractive force to work forces decreased significantly when work forces flirted for merriment. Looking at this subject from a different point of position. Woogan and Parasi preformed a survey that looked at the different ways males and females communicate regards to one another. This survey found that compliment subjects evidently varied by gender: males gave females a higher proportion of regards on visual aspect than accomplishment and females did the antonym. giving males a higher proportion of regards on accomplishment than visual aspect ( 2006 ) . Two overlapping accounts for these differences were found: 1 ) females feel a comparatively greater demand to be cautious when giving visual aspect regards to males. for fright of looking excessively frontward or pulling unwanted attending ; 2 ) societal norms place greater accent on visual aspect for females and accomplishments for males. While the latter account has been noted antecedently. the former. the function of flirting. has received light attending. despite its important function in compliment behaviours ( 2006 ) . Buss and Alberts ( 1988. 1998 ) suggest that adult females frequently talk about their physical organic structures. which should therefore indicate good wellness. juvenility and birthrate. In contrast. some of the of import desirable features for work forces include physical laterality and an ability to bring forth resources ( e. g. . societal position. aspiration and high income ) . Men rate physical attraction as an of import quality in a spouse more extremely than adult females ( Kenrick. Sadalla. Groth. A ; Trost. 1990 ; Travis. 1977 ) and adult females give higher evaluations to traits reflecting laterality and societal position ( Kenrick. Groth. Trost. A ; Sadalla. 1993 ; Kenrick et Al. . 1990 ) . If work forces and adult females place more importance on some attractive qualities than others. we would in bend expect work forces and adult females to chat up in different ways in order to stress the coveted features. Moore ( 1985 ) contends that adult females are non inactive in the courtship procedure but instead command much of the flirtation procedure. Her research has observed adult females in topographic points such as singles bars. She identified 52 different gestural shows by adult females. which she argued were courtship signals that served to pull and arouse the attack of work forces. These included gestures such as facial and caput forms. smiling. express joying. touch. propensity and primping. In addi- tion to Moore’s ( 1985 ) research. others have argued that adult females possess a larger repertory of flirting schemes used to signal involvement in work forces ( e. g. . Muehlenhard. Koralewski. Andrews. A ; Burdick. 1986 ) . Hall ( 1984 ) . for case. has claimed that adult females gaze at interaction spouses more. and utilize touch and organic structure motions more in interpersonal interactions. McCormick and Jones ( 1989 ) observed 70 twosomes and found that adult females were more active participants in flirting and were frequently the instigators of the flirting. Trost and Alberts ( 1998 ) reported that. in con - trast to adult females. work forces were more likely to chat up by signalling position and laterality. which is frequently achieved by blinking money. overstating their income. have oning expensive apparels. boasting about their superior intelligence. and overstating their degree of sexual popularity. These gender differences are non merely confined to face-to-face brushs. Research conducted in the 1970s found that adult females in personal ads were more likely to offer attraction and seek fiscal security. while work forces were more likely to offer fiscal security and seek attraction ( Harrison A ; Saeed. 1977 ) . Smith. Waldorf and Trembath ( 1990 ) analysed personal ads from six issues of On the Scene magazine from January 1989 to June 1989. They were interested in what attractive qualities persons were seeking in a spouse. Not surprisingly. these research workers found that physical attraction was the highest-ranking quality desired by work forces. and in fact appeared more than twice every bit frequently in men’s ads than it did in women’s. Women. in contrast. were more likely to trust for a adult male who was understanding. emotionally healthy and financially stable. Koestner and Wheeler ( 1988 ) examined what attractive characteristics work forces and adult f emales were more likely to stress about themselves in lonely-hearts columns. Again. these research workers found that work forces were more likely than adult females were to stress their ain educational and occupational position. Discussion: The heightened disassociation between verbal versus gestural flirtation-consistent behaviours under menace is consistent with women’s self-reports about disavowing flirtatiousness consciously ( Pronin et al. . 2004 ) but illuminates existent and more inexplicit behaviours that deviate from self-reports ( see Dovidio et Al. . 2002 ) . Verbal behaviours might reflect witting and hence idealized3 self-conceptions. consistent with Higgins’ ( 1987 ) Self-Discrepancy Theory. It is possible that under menace. women’s ( a ) ideal ego. does non integrate the usage of flirting ; but ( B ) ought self. at the same time encourages less expressed gestural flirtation-consistent behaviours. reflecting sociocultural norms that place an burden on adult females ( versus work forces ) to be communal/likeable ( Rudman A ; Glick. 2001 ) . Men tend to see women’s behaviours as more sexual than do adult females in cross-sex interactions ( e. g. . Abbey. 1982 ) . This difference may ensue because work forces view specific behaviours as sexually motivated. whereas adult females attribute a different motive to the behaviours. It is proposed that people flirt for a assortment of different grounds including the desire to increase sexual interaction. Six flirting motives derived from the literature are considered in this survey: sex. merriment. researching. relational. regard. and instrumental. The motives attributed to chat uping behaviours by work forces and adult females in typical flirtation interactions are explored. Gender differences emerge for several flirting motives ( i. e. . sex. relational. and merriment ) . Men tend to see chat uping as more sexual than adult females do. and adult females attribute more relational and fun motives to chat uping interactions than do work forces. No gender differences emerge for regard. researching. or instrumental motives. The treatment focuses on how miscommunication may happen during flirting interactions. Many decisions can be drawn from all of the research done sing the differences in the ways that males and females express attractive force towards one another. Chat uping occurs because of a sexual attractive force to a member of the opposite sex. and besides because of the six flirting â€Å"motivations: † sexual. relational. researching. regard. instrumental and merriment. Most surveies show that males have a much more dominant. aggressive manner of nearing females. There is besides a important sum of miscommunication in the manner that females want to be perceived. and the manner they really are. Much research shows that females are frequently perceived otherwise than the manner that they attempt to portray themselves. Work forces frequently view the manner that adult females flirt as much more sexual than what the adult females think they are showing to the male. When they flirt. work forces want to direct a message of strength. laterality. trustiness. and good cistrons. This is why work forces do things like whiff out their thoraxs. thin back in their chairs. and strut when they walk. Women coquette to pass on that they’re interested. and that they offer something a small better than other adult females. There is besides research that suggests that adult females flirt for some kind of â€Å"gain. † Whether that be power. or something that the male that they are chat uping with has. This is where the look â€Å"flirt to the top† stems from. When work forces and adult females flirt. they are following a predictable form of behaviour that’s similar to all worlds in romantic relationships.